Bibliography

 Title:  Household Characteristic In Waste Management Relate To Population Density

Author: Saraswati Endang Lia & Lia Warlina

 The major problem in municipal waste management in Bandung municipality is its high generation rate due to population growth. The more densely populated an area, the more complicated is solid waste management. It is about 35% of municipal solid waste could not be transported to final disposal site in Bandung municipality. To overcome this problem waste minimization must be conducted from the source i.e. households. The characteristic of household in waste management should be observed relating it to population density.

The objective of the study was to observe household attitude in waste management in the population density region in Bandung municipality. The three regions of population density were low density (less than 100 persons per hectare), moderate density (100 to 200 people per hectare) and high density (more than 200 people per hectare). The respondents interviewed were 520 households. The statistical analysis showed that there were seven factors of household characteristics significantly related to waste management in three regions of population density i.e.: (1) waste volume, (2) person in charge of handling domestic waste at home before disposing, (3) understanding level of 3R (4) waste separation; (5) reduce, (6) reuse, and (7) willingness to recycle.

Waste volume; person in charge in handling domestic waste at home before disposing; understanding level of 3R (reduce, reuse and recycle); and waste separation showed significant results in the low-density region. Waste volume was 10 liters per day; the person separated waste was the housewife; the understanding level was in low level; and no waste separation conducted in household. Reduce, reuse and willingness to recycle showed significant result in moderate and high density. Majority of the respondents reduce waste by buying refill product, conducting reuse by using used glass bottles, however the majority not willing to recycle. The information obtained from this survey was an input for determining campaign form to socialize 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle). Socializing 3R is expected to increase community participation in domestic waste minimization at the source.

For Full Paper reference, contact the author through e-mail at: liaagma@indo.net.id

 Title: Understanding Environmental Concern: A Study Using New Environmental Paradigm Scale

Author: Pradip Swarnakar & A. K. Sharma

The present study tries to describe the environmental beliefs related to water consumption using the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP). It deals with the general and specific environmental beliefs regarding the status of water as natural resource. The study is comparative in nature and compares the environmental beliefs in two districts of West Bengal State of India, one facing scarcity of water and another facing arsenic contamination in drinking water. They are Purulia and North 24 Parganas.

The broad objective of this study is to explore the relationship between general and specific beliefs regarding water consumption and the water consumption. ‘Utilitarian’ and ‘ecological’ water beliefs are taken as two instances of specific beliefs. While utilitarian beliefs consider water as an unlimited resource to be used by humans in an arbitrary way, ecological beliefs conceive water as a limited resource to conserve. Two models were specified and tested, one in which the general environmental beliefs directly predict water consumption, and other in which the general beliefs influence specific water beliefs, which, in turn, affect water consumption.

In the present study, both quantitative and qualitative methods are used. General environmental beliefs are measured by using the HEP-NEP scale developed by Dunlap and Van Liere (1978, 2000). Specific environmental beliefs are studied by using the scale developed and used by Corral-Verdugo and others (2003). Information regarding demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the people and the region are also examined.

The present study shows the reliability and validity of HEP-NEP scale in rural India. It shows that there is definitely a need for finding feasible and more effective technical solutions to the problem but there is also a need to raise awareness levels. At the moment due to lack of awareness and culture there are many wrong beliefs, which are harmful for people in general, and women in particular. Experience shows that many things can be done through participatory water management practices with or without government support. One most interesting finding of the study is that despite poverty people are willing to contribute to development of community and individual level practices that ensure arsenic free water. 

For Full Paper reference, contact the author on the e-mail id: spradip@iitk.ac.in

 

 

 

 

 

 

Title:  Effects of Population Growth On Environmental Degradation (With Reference to India)

Author: Chikkonahally Lakshmana

Degradation of environment today not only influences the human health but also has a negative influence on the global environment. Rapid growth of population has been the main cause for this environmental degradation. In the earlier decades, particularly during 1960’s and 1970’s people began to think that human existence on this globe would not be possible unless they adjust their relationship with the environment. It has been fully realized that these environmental problems are not limited to local, regional and national level alone but to the entire globe. Land, water and vegetation are the three important natural resources for national wealth and well-being. Rising population leads to overuse of natural resources, thereby endangering the welfare of future generations. The global population increased from 3.85 billion in 1972 to 6.1 billion in 2000 and is currently growing by 77 million people a year. Most of the growth is concentrated in developing regions, with nearly two thirds in Asia and Pacific. The population of India has grown steadily from 1901, except for a decrease in the decade 1911-1921. The total population of India was 23.8 crores in 1901, increased to 36.1 crores in 1951 and to 102.7 crores in 2001. India has only 2.4 per cent of the total land area of the world, but is home for 16.7 per cent of the world’s population. With this in view, an endeavour has been made in the present investigation to understand the environmental degradation aspect, which is influenced by the growth of population in India and its States. The analysis has been done for the last three decades, 1971-1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001. The three major aspects like deforestation, growth of industries and growth of registered motor vehicles have been selected for the study. A detailed investigation has been done to understand the state-wise environmental degradation to link it with population growth. Lastly, in the light of the insights the environmental degradation index (EDI) has been prepared. In the concluding part, suitable policy recommendations have been drawn.

The objectives are:

           1. To study the effects of population growth on environmental degradation in India by States;

         2. To investigate the status of environmental degradation influenced by deforestation, growth of industries and growth  in number of motor vehicles in India by States;

           3. To prepare Environmental Degradation Index(EDI) by States in India to link it with population growth.

The data for the study has been collected from the available documents like Census reports and environment statistics published by the Ministry of Statistics for the years 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001. Collected data pertaining to registered motor vehicles and registered industries have been converted into simple growth rates for the respective decades, i.e., 1971-1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001, and the analyses has been done to link it with population growth. 

For Full Paper reference, contact the author on the e-mail id: lakshmana@isec.ac.in

 

Title:  Sanitation Coverage in Rajasthan: Learnings of Aapni Yojna Project

Author: Santosh Sharma

            Census 2001 depicts that 71 percent of the total households in Rajasthan have no sanitation facility in their houses. In the rural area the same figure is 85 percent and in urban area, with a comparatively better scenario, the same figure is 24 percent. In terms of absolute numbers 6,111,318 rural households and 522,087 urban households have no latrine facility within their houses. This situation becomes a huge target for the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) Programme being implemented all over India, including Rajasthan, to improve the sanitation coverage.

The TSC Programme was launched in 1999 by the Government of India. The TSC Programme has been devised after learning from the limitations of the Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP).

The TSC follows the following principles:

  • Demand driven
  • Community driven and people centered
  • Campaign mode approach
  • Focus on IEC
  • Alternative delivery mechanism
  • Strong focus on schools sanitation and hygiene promotion
  • Involvement of cooperatives, women groups, self-help groups, youth clubs, NGOs etc.
  • Cost sharing in construction of sanitation facilities and operation maintenance

While the TSC Programme in Rajasthan is still in infant stage, another project Aapni Yojna (Integrated Water Supply, Sanitation and Health Education Programme) has proved its worth by constructing more than 22,000 household sanitation packages in Churu and Hanumangarh Districts of Rajasthan. Every sanitation package constructed by Aapni Yojna consists a latrine and a bathroom. The end line survey of Aapni Yojna project reveals that 94 percent of the latrines and 99 percent of the bathrooms constructed by the project were being regularly used by the households. All the sanitation packages were in good physical condition at the time of survey. Community participation, capacity building interventions, demand generation, fair distribution of facilities, effective supply chain management were found as some of the key success factors of Aapni Yojna’s success in implementing the sanitation programme.

The paper presents the state of sanitation coverage in different area and community groups of Rajasthan. Further it assesses how Aapni Yojna’s learning can be useful for implementing the TSC 

For Full Paper reference, contact the author on the e-mail id: ssharma@iihmr.org

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Title: Meeting the Water Requirements of Urban Communities: An Application of GIS In Planning and Management of Water Distribution Networks in Towns, South of Kandy in Sri Lanka

 Author: Vithana Navodani

The rapid expansion of urban areas and activities with attendant growth in water demand makes serious technical and managerial challenges. The rural to urban migration of people in Sri Lanka in most cases is leading towards excessive growth of suburban areas of the metropolitan areas in Sri Lanka. The city of Kandy is no exception. The metro-Kandy area is surrounded by several towns, which do provide basic utilities sufficient to their resident population. Among them the domestic water supply has been a major issue not only it being based on a scarce resource but also it involves a cost to provide the consumers in sufficient quantity as well as at all the time. The planning and management of the utility is therefore indispensable under a proper device based on information technology. The GIS is a very valuable tool in this regard, which enables us to device a suitable spatial management strategy for urban water distribution. Authorities have decided to use GIS technology for the development of map bases with pipe network in the areas where large-scale databases are not available to identify individual connections with their assessment numbers in detail.

The National Water Supply & Drainage Board (NWS&DB), the organization responsible in distribution, planning and management of water supply network in Sri Lanka has a large number of databases both in hard copies and various formats of digital forms for the areas they provided pipe water system. The use of Very High Resolution satellite images and GPS technology to develop a GIS facilitates the planners in order to acquire more up-to-date information at a short time with more accuracy. Urban Development Authority (UDA) developed a spatial database with the information such as land uses, building foot prints, assessment numbers, pipe network and other peripheral information to facilitate NWS & DB for distribution, planning and management of water network on GIS format.

This paper illustrates how the UDA facilitated to NWS&DB to develop the required GIS databases for the Towns South of Kandy. A mapping Programme covering about 180 ha of land was extracted from VHR satellite. The data: of IKONOS images using GPS reference data land use, buildings, water bodies, road network, administrative boundaries were extracted. The findings of the study revealed some important guidelines for water distribution planners for optimum use of water as a scarce resource. 

For Full Paper reference, contact the author on the e-mail id: navodani@uda.lk

 

 Title:  Changing Pattern of Population Growth and Socio- Economic Characteristics in the Fringe Villages of Guwahati City

Author: Semim Wara Begum & Bimal K. Kar

Rapid growth of population combined with multiplicity of services and economic activities in a city not only changes its internal structure but also exerts tremendous pressure upon its fringe areas. In fact, remarkable changes may be observed in the landuse pattern and various socio-economic aspects in the fringe areas of the city. The situation is no less true in the case of Guwahati, the largest city in the northeastern region of India. The city of Guwahati witnessed rapid growth of population during the last three decades, especially after shifting of Assam’s capital from Shillong to Dispur, and as a result its population increased from 1.46 lakhs in 1971 to 8.19 lakhs in 2001. Due to increasing pressure of population in the city and associated problems, many people have started settling in the fringe areas of Guwahati City Corporation. This has brought about a significant increase of population and considerable change in the socio-economic characteristics of people living in the fringe villages.

With the above background, an attempt is made in this paper to analyses the pattern of population growth and changing socioeconomic characteristics of people in the selected fringe villages of Guwahati city. The study is based on both secondary and primary data. Necessary secondary data have been drawn from different Census of India publications for the Census year 1971 to 2001.

 For Full Paper reference, contact the author on the e-mail id: semim24@yahoo.co.in

 

 

 

 

 

 

Title:  Progress towards Millennium Development Goals- Study of Selected Asian Countries

 Author: Sumati Kulkarni & Babu Santosh Kumar

 This paper examines the progress of Asian countries towards the first seven Millennium Development goals—(poverty eradication, universal primary education, gender equality, reduction in child mortality, improvement in maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability) and highlights the issues and concerns in this respect.

Objectives of the paper are:

1.       To review the performance of major Asian countries regarding the progress towards the seven goals and bring out the variations within the region.

2.       To examine the linkages between different performance indicators.

3.       To analyze the determinants of the major impact indicators and identify the critical inputs required for accelerating their progress towards specific goals.

Analysis pertains to 17 countries viz. China, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Singapore, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. For comparability, the analysis is based on data from only one source i.e. World Bank Publication – World Development Indicators 2006. Data on 31 indicators used to monitor the progress towards seven goals are analyzed.  Average rank is calculated for each country to summarize its relative position based on its performance regarding the various indicators is used to make inter-country comparisons. Correlations are examined to study the linkages. Regression analyses are carried out with one indicator for each goal as the dependent variable to identify critical inputs to accelerate the progress towards specific goals. Independent variables include background variables such as population, GNP, adult literacy, percentage urban, electricity consumption and a few input variables specific to that particular goal e.g. health expenditure per capita, doctor population ratio, access to safe water for mortality reduction goal, expenditure on education, teacher pupil ratio for universal primary education goal etc.

The main findings from the analysis reveal that:

1.   Malaysia, Korea and Thailand with less than 2% of its population below the international poverty line are likely to eradicate poverty soon, while India and Bangladesh are far behind with one third of their population below the poverty line. China, which in the year 2000 had 17 percent of its population living on less than $ 1 per capita per day, is progressing fast.

2.   Overall performance based on ranking for 31 indicators identifies Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan as poorly performing countries.

3.   Strong linkages are found between performance towards poverty eradication goal, universal primary education goal, mortality reduction goal and gender inequality goal as shown by high significant correlations in the expected direction.

 

For Full Paper reference, contact the author on the e-mail id: sumatik@vsnl.com

 

 Title: Improving Rural Sanitation: Results of Randomized Information, Education and Communication Campaign from Orissa

Author: Subhrendu Pattanayak, Jonathan Blitstein, Jui-Chen Yang, Sumeet Patil, Katherine Dickinson, Kelly Jones, Christine Poulos, Purujit Praharaj & Ranjan Mallick

 To present the study design and preliminary findings of a randomized controlled intervention to increase the availability and use of individual household latrines (IHL) in the state of Orissa, India.

Cluster-randomized controlled trial with repeated measures on households and communities.  The sample included 40 representative villages from a sampling frame of 1112 villages in the district of Bhadrak. Under random assignment, 20 villages received an information, education, and communication (IEC) campaign and the remaining villages served as controls.  The IEC intervention employed a participatory approach to social mobilization, in which trained facilitators worked with village-level water and sanitation committees to heighten awareness of sanitation problems, educate village members about potential solutions, and empower community-driven action. Data collection from key informants in each of the 40 villages and approximately 25 households per village was secured through the use of local enumerators trained by our research staff.  Across the 40 villages, community-level data was gathered pre- and post-intervention. In addition, 1086 households (treatment = 534, control = 552) were surveyed in August/September 2005; the same set of households will be surveyed in the coming month.  Finally, a series of semi-structured interviews was conducted in 10 of the 40 study villages post-intervention to supplement the quantitative dataset with more qualitative accounts of individuals’ sanitation behaviors and attitudes. Respondents who self-identified as the primary care giver of a child below the age of 5 years provided data for the household survey.  Key informants provided information on village infrastructure and characteristics. A selection of men, women, and children participated in informal discussions in the 10 villages selected for additional qualitative fieldwork.

Baseline findings suggest that randomization successfully distributed potential confounders across experimental conditions; some differences across condition are identified and these will be controlled for analytically in the impact analyses.  Preliminary analysis of the community-level dataset suggest that the IEC intervention has had a significant impact on the adoption and, to a lesser extent, use of IHL in the villages subject to this intervention. Qualitative results confirm that village members in IEC villages were aware of the intervention and that a process of sanitation-related behaviour change may be underway.  Demand for IHL is present to varying degrees in both treatment and control villages, although we also identify persistent barriers to widespread adoption and use.

The ongoing Orissa evaluation suggests that intensive IEC campaigns of the kind implemented in the 20 treatment villages in this study may provide an effective catalyst for sanitary latrine adoption and use.  However, this study also highlights many of the difficulties associated with effecting lasting and widespread behaviour change.  The practice of open defecation is a long-standing institution in the villages we study, and replacing this institution with a new behavioral norm requires overcoming a number of barriers affecting both supply and demand factors. This process of social change is likely to take time, suggesting the need for ongoing study over a longer follow-up period.

For Full Paper reference, contact the author on the e-mail id: subhrendu@rti.org 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Title: Demography and Agricultural Development Issues Facing Uzbekistan

 Author: Farida Djumabaeva & Alijon Djumabaev

Agriculture is a key sector of the Uzbekistan economy, accounting for an estimated 33% of the gross domestic product (GDP), upto 38% of employment, and about 40% of export earnings. Furthermore, 60% of the country’s 25.6 million inhabitants live in rural areas. Agriculture occupies 28.5 million hectares (or 63% of total area) including 23.4 million hectares (52%) of low productive pastures and 4.2 million hectares of irrigated land. The two most important crops are cotton and wheat, which are currently grown on 41% and 42% of the irrigated land respectively, and are subject to production quotas imposed by the Government. Other crops include fodder (9% of irrigated land), and potatoes, vegetables, fruits and other crops (8% of irrigated land).

Compared with other sectors of the economy, incomes from agriculture are very low and it is estimated that rural incomes have now dropped to less than 25% of urban wage rates. This increasing disparity has resulted from both a fall in rural incomes as well as the need for the farm sector has to absorb a high proportion of the growth in the working population. Recent demography surveys indicate that about 27.5% of total population live below the poverty line, and rural poverty is widespread with about 70% of Uzbekistan’s poor (about 4.5 million people) living in the rural areas. Poverty in the southern region is also nearly twice the national average.

The growing incidence of rural poverty is also affected by the high birth rates in the 1970s/80s. This places additional pressure on the rural labour market, which is not able to provide employment for young people entering the labour market. This has resulted in growing migration abroad, particularly by young Uzbek men who have emigrated in search of casual jobs mainly to Russia. Various rural surveys have shown that for reducing poverty levels, reliable irrigation water supply and land improvement need to be conducted (i.e. soil salinity and water-logging). With the expansion of family farms, households with poor quality land and inadequate access to irrigation water supply (i.e. “tail-enders”) are now suffering high levels of deprivation. Consequently, without substantial land improvement measures, as well as better inter-farm and on-farm water management, the current incidence of poverty will only increase, which will worsen the situation with the demography issues in Uzbekistan.

 

For Full Paper reference, contact the author on the e-mail id: farida_jumabaeva@yahoo.com