Bibliography on Waterborne Diseases
Title: National Programme
for Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases.
Author: Banerjee KB
Source: New Delhi, India,
National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, 1988.
32 p.
(National Health Programme
Series 9)
Abstract: The
predecessor of the National Programme for Control of
Diarrhoeal Diseases in India was the Cholera Control
Programme. It came into existence because, in the 1800s
and early 1900s, cholera was widespread and limited to
and spread form India. In 1988, diarrheal specialists
set an objective of reducing mortality from diarrhea 50%
by 1990, particularly among the 0.5 year olds. They
decided to concentrate their efforts on reducing
mortality rather than prevention of diarrhea since the
majority of people do not have access to potable water
and often have to travel far to collect drinking water
albeit unsafe, are uninformed and illiterate, and live
in unsanitary conditions. As a result of the 7th Year
Plan (1985-1990), the Programme received a 182 fold
increase in funds from the previous Plan. This amount
did not equal that requested by the specialists,
however. Goals of the Programme included emphasizing
that diarrhea cases can be managed at home with home
made oral rehydration solutions (ORS); education mothers
how to diagnose and treat diarrhea, and of appropriate
feeding practices during and after diarrhea; and having
prepackaged ORS available. To reach these goals, the
Plan intended on expanding health worker training and
popular health education, increasing staff size and
making them more mobile, and monitoring and evaluating
activities. The Promotion of Oral Rehydration Programme
was integrated with the universal immunization program,
and by 1988, reached at least 92 districts. A
multicentric study revealed that diarrheal incidence in
children <5 years old increased 66.3% in the post
monsoon period and was lower in urban areas than rural
areas. Further, it demonstrated that a child has a mean
of 3 diarrheal episodes/year and diarrhea associated
mortality ranged from 24.4 percent-32.4 percent.
Title: Emerging infectious
diseases.
Edited: Parasuraman S.,
Unnikrishnan P.V.
Source: : 301-2. New Delhi,
India, Oxford University Press, 2000. In: India
disasters
report:towards a policy
initiative,
Abstract: This paper
reports on several emerging infectious diseases in India
in the 1990s. These include a kala-azar epidemic in
Bihar, cholera in Madras, which spread to some South
Asian countries, tuberculosis, extinct plague in
Maharashtra, malaria, which causes the loss of 2 million
Indians a year, and HIV infection. Investigators have
linked the spread of infectious diseases with
contaminated watercoolers and lake water,
mosquito-breeding pools, and stagnant water masses in
public areas. Antibiotics are recognized as the 1990s
medication for tuberculosis, while presumptive treatment
with chloroquine is the usual first-line medication for
malaria. Promoting public health, including cleaning-up
programs after epidemics, must be a part of civic and
political activities to prevent the reemergence of
infectious diseases.
Title:
Environmental factors and
prevalence of asthma, tuberculosis and jaundice:
differentials in relative risk by demographic and
socio-economic covariates.
Author: Karthick K
Source: [Unpublished] 2004.
19 p
Abstract: According to
the World health report 2002 (WHO) indoor air pollution
is responsible for 2.7% of the global burden of disease
2.5% in males and 2.8% in females. Recently WHO
estimated the global distribution of burden of disease
by risk factors and it showed that the environmental
risk factors (tobacco, unsafe water, sanitation and
hygiene, indoor smoke from solid fuels) together
accounted for around 15 percent in developing countries.
Approximately 3.1% of deaths (1.7 million) and 3.7% of
DALYs (54.2 million) worldwide are attributable to
unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. Overall, 99.8% of
deaths associated with this risk factor are in
developing countries. Therefore improving poor
environmental sanitation i.e. unsafe water, polluted
soil, unhygienic disposal of human of excreta and poor
housing conditions and related social environment risk
factors(smoking, chewing, drinking, alcohol use) may
protect much the diseases. In this paper an effort has
been made to study the environmental risk factors for
these reported morbidities of NFHS, namely Asthma,
Tuberculosis and Jaundice and their demographic and
socio-economic covariates given.
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